The Water Exercise Buoyancy Waist Band - 928 Words

This AquaJogger is the 1st water exercise buoyancy waist band. It s also the most well AquaJogger Classicknown, widespread item out of all the aquajogger products available. The belt keeps your body afloat in deep water and shallow water, allowing you to get a total body workout with no swimming experience necessary. Please keep in mind, this isn t a life jacket, and ought to never be utilized as a life jacket. ENTIRE BODY WORKOUT Conditioning your entire body is the AquaJogger Classic s whole purpose. The Flotation Belt uses delicate, adaptable and tough EVA foam to keep your body suspended upright in both shallow and deep water, allowing you the autonomy to move all of your appendages any way you want. The foam puts your body in a distinctive forward position, causing you to use your abs and torso to stay upright. Yet, the main key to the Classic is applying resistance to your exercises that the water provides- you can expand the performance of related exercises done on land to get rid of fat and tone muscle quicker. Movements with the AquaJogger Classic are performed statically (in one spot). Consequently, this water exercise belt is anything but difficult to use with no swimming experience needed in the slightest. Since water is the single resistance working against you, the AquaJogger Classic Flotation Belt offers an awesome opportunity to exercise without causing any wear and tear on the joints for elderly swimmers or anyone suffering from chronic pain for any

Miller V. Alabama - 1421 Words

Miller v. Alabama CJA/354 Miller v. Alabama The United States Supreme Court consists of eight associate justices and one chief justice who are petitioned more than 5,000 times a year to hear various cases (Before the Court in Miller V. Alabama, 2012). At its discretion, the Supreme Court selects which cases they choose to review. Some of the selected cases began in the state court system and others began in the federal court system. On June 25, 2012 the justices of the Supreme Court weighed in on the constitutionality of life without parole for juvenile offenders. The case was Miller v. Alabama and actually included another case, Jackson v Hobbs, as well (2012). Both were criminal cases involving 14 year old boys who were†¦show more content†¦The second component of a crime, mens reus, or criminal intent, was demonstrated by the following example. At one point Miller covered Cannon with a sheet and stated, â€Å"Cole, I am God, I’ve come to take your life† (2012, p.1) The third element of a crime, concur rence, was chronologically sequenced with Miller’s intent to commit the act followed by his commission of the criminal act. Kuntrell Jackson Kuntrell Jackson was also 14-years old in November 1999 when he and two other youths attempted to rob a video store and in the process shot and killed Laurie Troup (De Vogue, 2012). Jackson did not do the shooting but was an accomplice to the act; therefore, he received a sentence of life without parole (2012). As for mens reus and actus reus in Jackson’s case, Arkansas court conceded Jackson did not commit the homicidal act nor did he intend for the death of the store clerk occur; however, the State argued Jackson’s culpability rested with his reckless indifference to the value of human life (Supreme Court Rejects Mandatory Life Sentences Without Possibility of Parole for Juveniles, 2012). Lippman (2010) explains the requirement for actus reus of accomplice liability is satisfied by even a relatively small amount of material or psychological assistance to the perpetrator of the crime. Furthermore, the mens rea requirement for accomplice liability only requires intent t o assist in the commissionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Miller s Miller V Alabama 1180 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to legal petitions, in Miller v. Alabama (2012), a 14-year old young man by the name of Evan Miller entered the home of his neighbor, Cole Cannon. He is to have allegedly beat and robbed his neighbor. He exited the premises of Cannon’s home. Later in the same evening, Mr. Miller returned to his neighbor’s home, with a friend, Colby Smith searching for drugs within the trailer. They stole a stack of baseball cards and returned to Miller’s home. Miller and Smith, again returned to Cannon’sRead MoreMiller V. Alabama Case Study1864 Words   |  8 Pages Miller V. Alabama Case Study Roman Colon Pennsylvania State University: Capitol Campus Introduction On the Summer night of July 15, 2003, Evan Miller along with an accomplice committed murder by the way of battery and arson (Oyez). Nearly a decade later, this case would play a crucial role in the Supreme Court decision on mandatory life without parole sentences of juveniles. In a decision which relied heavily on the beliefs and opinions of those present, the court argued the culpabilityRead MoreMiller vs Alabama1270 Words   |  6 PagesMiller v. Alabama (2012) Supreme Court Case Introduction The Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of mandatory life sentences without parole enforced upon persons aged fourteen and younger found guilty of homicide. The court declared unconstitutional a compulsory sentence of life without parole for children. The states have been barred from routinely imposing sentences based on the crime committed. There is a requirementRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles1663 Words   |  7 Pagesin the criminal justice, but I am going to discuss a few that have made quite a significant impact on the juvenile justice system today and I will mention the decisions from these cases later on. The first case that I am going to talk about is Roper v. Simmons. This landmark case took place in 2005. In 1993, Christopher Simmons planned to kill Shirley Crook and plotted with two people younger than him. They were going to rob and murder the victim by throwing her off a bridge after they finished committingRead MoreSupreme Court Cases and the Eighth Ammendment865 Words   |  3 PagesAmendment: no cruel or unusual punishment, it definitely changed America’s on what punishment is considered cruel and unusual. The Eighth Amendment was tested through many Supreme Court and there were some very significant ones such as the Miller v. Alabama. The no cruel or unusual aspect of the Eighth Amendment gives protection of undeserving or unreasonable punishment to a citizen that commits a crime. As Supreme Court cases regarding the Eighth Amendment open and closed the meaning of no cruelRead MoreClarence Thomas: One of the Justices Essay733 Words   |  3 Pagesdecline, as I did in my youth, to sacrifice who I am for who they think I should be,† exclaimed by Thomas after a discussion of his conservative view points. One of the top most controversial cases Thomas was an Associate Justice for was Miller v. Alabama, which occurred from March 20, 2012 to June 25, 2012. The Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders. It was said these juvenile offenders could not receive cruelRead MoreThe Second Amendment Prohibited Citizens Under The Age Of Eighteen921 Words   |  4 Pageseighteen based on the case Miller v. Alabama. Most decisions like this are retroactive and can be applied to prisoners already convicted and sentenced. The case Montgomery v. Louisiana will answer the question of whether or not the Miller decision will be applied retroactively to around two thousand convicted prisoners. However, state and federal courts have various understandings and applications of Miller, and as of 2015, twelve state supreme courts have applied Miller retroactively to people sentencedRead MoreJuveniles : The Criminal Justice System 1777 Words   |  8 Pagescriminal justice system. Since a juvenile’s brain is still undeveloped, the prosecutors have to develop a case that would with no hesitation to convict them. The cases of Roper v. Simmons (2002), Graham v. Florida (2010), and Miller v. Alabama (2012) made decisions which have impacted the criminal justice policies. Roper v. Simmons (2005) Christopher Simmons was convicted, at the age of seventeen, for the murder of Shirley Cook and was given the death penalty. In 2003, the Missouri Supreme CourtRead MoreCriminal Justice In America Now And Then Appears To Be1405 Words   |  6 Pagesmisbehavior, and prejudice, if not unordinary, discipline, combined with determined resistance to change and an inability to learn from even its most recognizable mistakes. What s more, no place, are matters are more worse than in the southern state of Alabama, the embraced grounds where Stevenson has become an advocate for the oppressed in the legal system. Stevenson, the visionary founder and director of the Montgomery-based Equal Justice Initiative, without a doubt has done as much as any other livingRead MoreLife Without Parole For Minors1869 Words   |  8 Pagesthat sentencing. It all started with the landmark case of Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005), which states that giving defendants who were under the age of 18 when they committed their crime could not be given the death penalty. Graham v. Florida, 130 S.Ct. 2011 (2010), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court decided that juvenile offenders cannot be sentenced to life without parole for non-homicide offenses. Miller v. Alabama, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (2012), is a case which explains that mandatory

Tango Restaurant for Employee Training - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTango Restaurantfor Employee Training. Answer: Tango restaurant is an organization located in Australia and operates within the service industry. The main aim of this paper is to provide needs assessment regarding employee training at Tango restaurant. The assessment starts at organizational level and explains the restaurants culture mission and business objectives. Further, the operational analysis is included to analyze Tangos internal environment. What is more, employee assessment is included in this paper to combine everything and highlight the effectiveness of employee performance at Tango restaurant. Moreover, the needs assessment provides the process of training employees and how it contributes to the general organizational performance. Needs assessment explains the performance gap in the restaurant. Majorly, the gap is due to fact that employees do not have the basic knowledge required to be competent at the place of work. The needs assessment investigates the performance at both the operational and individual level. In the process, the paper gathers information on the specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes required at the place of work. Needs assessment helps to determine the employees in the restaurant that do not suit the performance requirements. As a result, this will help the human resource department of Tango on developing employee training program. Additionally, the assessment identifies the performance gap which affects the productivity of any business organization. At Tango, needs assessment needs to be included to improve profitability. Additionally, the assessment will help the restaurant to confirm that training is an effective solution for the performance gap. Essentially, employees require trainin g to fix the performance gap (Elnaga Imran, 2013). The authors further affirm that employees training facilitate quality service delivery. In this contest, training employees will help the workforce at Tango to gain knowledge on the food serving process. Therefore, after training employees, Tango will improve its service delivery. Consequently, this will lead to customer satisfaction. Incidentally, training needs assessment is essential and can have a vital role when the performance gap affects the operations at Tango. Ultimately, it can help the restaurant to determine the foundation of the performance gap. In the process, Tango can formulate the most effective training program to remove the gap. According to Onyeneho and Hedberg (2013), needs assessment helps restaurants to fix performance issues and identify the employees that require training to improve their performance standards. Further, Ford (2014) training should only be provided to the employees who need it to enhance performance. Therefore, this needs assessment is meant to help the human resource section at Tango restaurant to understand the need for investing its resources in training employees as a strategy of elimination performance gap. As a result, this will help Tango restaurant to be both effective and efficient. Organizational Assessment Tango restaurant is a successful organization that ensures quality services delivery to its customers. Tango attracts a large number of clients from different ethnical backgrounds. The restaurant provides meals to families, teenagers, and adults. The mission of Tango restaurant is to attain an outstanding quality food service business in Australia. To achieve this, the firm has employee training that ensures employees gain proper knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to enhance organizational performance. The management of the hotel believes that choosing competent employees can help fix performance gap. Tangos business mission reveals the belief by the management that success can be enhanced by training employees. Therefore, the human resource management focuses training employees on enhancing performance and facilitate quality service delivery. Furthermore, Tango is committed to improving customer experience. According to Milner and Furnham (2017), the absence of a positive customer feedback in the service industry, business organizations struggle in acquiring profitability. Therefore, Tango has shown relentless efforts in ensuring that it receives customer feedback. Further, the restaurant credits its success to serving food with high quality at a great value. Tango works together with its business partners as a strategy of improving performance and ensuring customer satisfaction. Tango believes that choosing the workforce with competent skills and passion is essential in eliminating the performance gap. Incidentally, it is important for any organization in the service industry to practice business ethical standards to boost its relationship with customers. It is important for business firms to avoid discrimination against employees and customers on the basis of culture, sexual orientation, age, gender, racial, and ethnical background (Yarber, Sayad, Strong, 2013). To achieve success, Tango restaurant serves customers and recruits employees from different backgrounds. The restaurant realizes the need for diversity and provides equal opportunity to its employees. Australia is no longer a two-language country, therefore it is essential for the restaurant to avoid biases in its operations. Therefore, a needs assessment of human resources in regard to knowledge, skills, and attitudes need to be done for employees working for Tango restaurant. In the process, this will help the human resource management to understand the kind of training that is required and its relevance in improving pe rformance. Moreover, the needs assessment associated with policies of the restaurant and the reward system should be accessible to the managers and supervisors in order to be aware and analyze how the needs assessment relates to employees in their work performance at Tango restaurant. The human resource management team needs to ask relevant questions regarding if incumbents understand the level of work performance that is required from them. Moreover, the management needs to know whether employees receive appropriate feedback to identify if their work performance suits the restaurants policies. In all operations at Tango, customer satisfaction is vital to providing the right feedback to the management. In case of complaints, an investigation among employees, customers, and the management need to be done. Mainly, this can be achieved through interviews and surveys that aim at understanding the nature of performance gap. Reasons for undertaking Needs Assessment Needs assessment can be done in more than one approach. However, all the approaches have a common point. Business organizations in the service industry need to conduct a needs assessment to identify how to make the best use of resources (Hughes et al, 2015). In the process, organizations can enhance performance without wasting resources and time. The most important component of the needs assessment is identifying the needs that have the highest priority and should be addressed. The simplest framework of needs assessment is using the three-stage comprehensive approach. In this approach, needs are described as the difference bees the current business situation and the way it should be (Draper Smith, 2014, Medhat, Hassan, Korashy2014). In the first stage, Tango needs to identify the facts about the existing situation and find areas for potential enhancement. The second stage entails determining needs by collecting relevant data. The third stage defines the needs and develops a plan on how to address them. In this context, the needs for Tango restaurant are to improve quality service delivery through training and retraining its employees. Furthermore, the needs assessment reveals more than one organizational need. In reality, various stakeholders have different needs (Garvey, Kesselheim, Herrick, Woolf, Leichtner, 2014). In most cases, these needs may rate highly than others. For instance, the human resource management at Tango aims at eliminating the performance gap. To achieve this, the restaurant has implemented employee training program to improve skills, knowledge, and attitude. Primarily, needs assessment identifies the priority of a need and how to handle its critical consequences. According to Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015), business organizations in the service industry need to reduce delivery times to remain competitive in the market. Needs assessment can help Tango restaurant top retain potential customers as it fixes the performance and enhances quality service delivery. Moreover, the needs assessment can help Tango to plan programs and services that enhance performance. Through needs assessment, the rest aurant can develop a strong business culture that ensures quality service delivery. Operational Assessment Serving In restaurants is an intricate task and it requires various skills and abilities. According to Heizer and Barry (2013), serving is a role that has various constraints that influence the way employees to perform. The majority of waiters at Tango are part time. Therefore, this enables students to work while they are at school until they establish a permanent career. Through an extensive research, Birasnav (2014) notes that wages in the service industry are made up of tips. Therefore, the hourly wage is generally lower than minimum wage that is needed for other occupations. Moreover, the motivation to work hard is formed right into the job. Servers at Tango are more or less responsible for their own income. The quality of service delivery determines the quality of tips that waiters get. In return, this helps the restaurant to be competitive in the market as the servers often want to sell more expensive foods to augment their bills and receive more tips. What is more, most of the serving jobs do not require minimum education specifications. For instance, to serve alcohol in Australia, an individual is supposed to be over 18 years old. Therefore, most of the servers are over this age and graduated from high school. Mainly, these are the job requirement in various restaurants across Australia. Furthermore, Tango requires its employees to have more previous job-related experience than education. However, most of the restaurant jobs in Australia do not need previous experience. Therefore, this insinuates the waiter could be working with individuals who have little education and other job experience. The role of serving customers in a restaurant is stressful and fast-paced (Wills, Davis, Kotowski, 2013). The job requires employees to multitask in order to serve various customers at the same time. To achieve this, servers are required to have a great memory. What is more, the waiters are supposed to have high relational skill to ensure that they interact effectively with customers (Fan, Guthrie, Das, 2016). The most important aspect of serving is customer service. Therefore, Tango ensures that their employees are able to deliver quality service to their customer. In return, this can help the firm to increase production and gain profitability from repeated customers and new c lients. Needs Assessment Survey The needs assessment survey is used to identify needs at Tango restaurant. The assessment helps business organizations to attain their goals and objectives (Fleming et al, 2016). Further, the authors note that needs assessment survey bridges the gap between employee skills and the skills that are required by the job and business section. Employee training requires assessment survey to form a platform for identifying the effectiveness of the training program that is implemented (Noe, Wilk, Mullen, Wanek, 2014). For Instance, Tango restaurant can re-administer the training requirements survey after the training is performed to assess if there is an increase in performance skills as measured by the survey. Outcomes of Needs Assessment Needs assessment helps to determine the employees in the restaurant that do not suit the performance requirements. As a result, this will help the human resource department of Tango on developing employee training program. Additionally, the assessment identifies the performance gap which affects the productivity of any business organization. At Tango, needs assessment needs to be included to improve profitability. Additionally, the assessment will help the restaurant to confirm that training is an effective solution for the performance gap. Importantly, employees require training to fix the performance. At Tango, the assessment starts at organizational level and explains the restaurants culture mission and business objectives. Further, the operational analysis is included to analyze Tangos internal environment. What is more, employee assessment is included in this paper to combine everything and highlight the effectiveness of employee performance at Tango restaurant. Additionally, th e needs assessment provides the process of training employees and how it contributes to the general organizational perform. All in all, needs assessment is Important in fixing performance gap within the industry. The assessment starts at organizational level and explains the restaurants culture mission and business objectives. The operational analysis is included to analyze Tangos internal environment. What is more, employee assessment is included in this paper to combine everything and highlight the effectiveness of employee performance at Tango restaurant. The needs assessment provides the process of training employees and how it contributes to the general organizational performance. References Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of transformational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership.Journal of Business Research,67(8), 1622-1629. Draper, C. A., Smith, P. (2014). Psychiatry in primary care using the three-stage assessment.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(1), 01-04. Elnaga, A., Imran, A. (2013). The effect of training on employee performance.European Journal of Business and Management,5(4), 137-147. Fan, Y., Guthrie, A., Das, K. V. (2016). Spatial and Skills Mismatch of Unemployment and Job Vacancies. Fleisher, C. S., Bensoussan, B. E. (2015).Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Fleming, G. M., Brook, M. M., Herman, B. E., Kennedy, C., McGann, K. A., Mason, K. E., ... Myers, A. L. (2016). Recommended Protected Time for Pediatric Fellowship Program Directors: A Needs Assessment Survey.Academic Pediatrics,16(5). Ford, J. K. (2014).Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Garvey, K. C., Kesselheim, J. C., Herrick, D. B., Woolf, A. D., Leichtner, A. M. (2014). Graduate medical education in humanism and professionalism: A needs assessment survey of pediatric gastroenterology fellows.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition,58(1), 34. Heizer, R., Barry, R. (2013).Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Hughes, P., Ahmed, N., Winslow, M., Walters, S. J., Collins, K., Noble, B. (2015). Consumer views on a new holistic screening tool for supportive and palliative?care needs: Sheffield Profile for Assessment and Referral for Care (SPARC): a survey of self?help support groups in health care.Health Expectations,18(4), 562-577. Medhat, W., Hassan, A., Korashy, H. (2014). Sentiment analysis algorithms and applications: A survey.Ain Shams Engineering Journal,5(4), 1093-1113. Milner, R., Furnham, A. (2017). Measuring Customer Feedback, Response and Satisfaction.Psychology,8(03), 350. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. Onyeneho, S. N., Hedberg, C. W. (2013). An assessment of food safety needs of restaurants in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.International journal of environmental research and public health,10(8), 3296-3309. Wills, A. C., Davis, K. G., Kotowski, S. E. (2013, September). Quantification of the Physical Demands for Servers in Restaurants. InProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting(Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 981-984). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications. Yarber, W. L., Sayad, B. W., Strong, B. (2013).Human sexuality: Diversity in contemporary America. McGraw-Hill.

Major Scientific Discoveries of the 19th Century free essay sample

Scientific knowledge expanded rapidly, and influenced the way Europeans viewed the world; perhaps more profoundly than at any other time in history. Among these changes was Louis Pasteur discovery of the germ, which opened up a whole new world in health care. This led to Europeans using soap and taking showers more often, a huge market for antiseptics and disinfectants opened up, new methods for food preservation were discovered and used, the invention of the refrigerator, avoiding being around people who are sick or appear to be sick, people being much more picky about what they eat such as not eating foods that were undercooked, fell on the ground, or a bug landed in it, and much more effective methods developed to prevent wide spread of disease. Another major development in 19th century Europe was thermodynamics, which investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. Machines were the focal point of the Industrial Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Scientific Discoveries of the 19th Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus the efficiency of those machines became a major concern to scientists and industrialists. Charles Darwin challenged the idea of a special divine creation of each species of animal and concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival. This completely changed the way people viewed the natural world and led to Herbert Spenser said that the human race was driven forward by a constant specialization and progress by a brutal economic struggle. The poor were the weak and the prosperous were the chosen strong. Spenser’s philosophy became known as Social Darwinism, which was very popular with the upper middle classes. It later became the justification for presumed Anglo-Saxon superiority. Many advancements in technology, medicine and human behavior occurred in Europe during this period. The 19th century gave witness to the Scientific Revolution and changed the world forever.

The Holocaust was a Significant event during World War II essays

The Holocaust was a Significant event during World War II essays The Holocaust was a significant event during World War II. It was perhaps the worst atrocity against humankind throughout history. The Holocaust was the systematic extermination of 6 million Jews by the Nazis. As well as Jews, hundreds of thousands of Gypsies, and at lest two hundred and fifty thousand mentally or physically disabled persons were also victims. Hitlers motivations for the holocaust were entirely racial. Hitler tried to implement his concept of racial superiority for Aryans, by trying to kill off the Jews. The persecution of the Jews began before World War II had started. When the Nazi regime came to power one of their first acts was to define the term Jew. Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was automatically a Jew, regardless of whether that individual was a member of the Jewish community. Half-Jews were considered Jewish only if they themselves belonged to the Jewish religion or were married to a Jewish person. All other half-Jews, and persons who had one Jewish grandparent, were styled Mischlinge or half-breeds. The Nazis then attempted to eliminate Jews from economic life by wiping them out of business. This process was called Aryanization. The Nazis then went on to kill two out of every three European Jews by 1945. Of the approximately 6 million Jews murdered in the Holocaust about 3 million were killed in concentration camps, about 1.4 million killed in shooting operations, and more than 600 000 in ghettos. Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Dachau, Chelmno, Sobibor, Belzek and Majdanek are just some of the concentration camps. The camps were usually filled with women, children, or older men, who could not work; Jews capable of labor were retained in shops or plants, but they too were eventually killed. Initially these camps were designed to incarcerate political prisoners, enemies of the regime, criminals and security risks. But in 1939 the T4- Euthan ...

Aurignacian Period

Aurignacian Period Definition: The Aurignacian period (40,000 to 28,000 years ago) is an Upper Paleolithic stone tool tradition, usually considered associated with both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals throughout Europe and parts of Africa. The Aurignacians big leap forward is the production of blade tools by flaking pieces of stone off a larger piece of stone, thought to be an indication of more refined tool making. Some Recent Studies Balter, Michael 2006 First Jewelry? Old Shell Beads Suggest Early Use of Symbols. Science 312(1731). Higham, Tom, et al. 2006 Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10(1073):1-5 (early edition). Bar-Yosef, Ofer. 2002. Defining the Aurignacian. pp 11-18 in Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian, edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef and Joo Zilho. Lisbon: Portuguese Institute of Archaeology. Straus, Lawrence G. 2005 The Upper Paleolithic of Cantabrian Spain. Evolutionary Anthropology 14(4):145-158. Street, Martin, Thomas Terberger, and Joumlrg Orschiedt 2006 A critical review of the German Paleolithic hominin record. Journal of Human Evolution 51:551-579. Verpoorte, A. 2005 The first modern humans in Europe? A closer look at the dating evidence from the Swabian Jura (Germany). Antiquity 79(304):269-279. This glossary entry is part of the Dictionary of Archaeology. Examples: St. CÃ ©saire (France), Chauvet Cave (France), LArbreda Cave (Spain)

Philosophy Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy Ethics - Essay Example Mill explained this rule with the aid of the principle of utility. According to this principle which is also sometimes referred to as the principle of happiness, for a person to be happy himself he should consider the happiness of others to be as important as his own happiness (Mills 1867). This philosophy of happiness was further explained by John Stuart Mill with the assistance of his theories by putting forward the rules of thumb. The reason for presenting these rules was that Mill argued that a person should not misunderstand the meaning of happiness. These rules were used by him to support the theory of maximizing happiness and provide an insight into the meaning of this principle. These rules encompass the aspects of this principle to cover the features and the characteristics which should be understood about it. The rules of thumb were to be always considered to reach to a proper conclusion as to what happiness actually is. According to these rules, it is through knowledge and learning that a person actually gets to know that what act will bring about the maximum happiness. The reason behind this is that it is through awareness of the developing of humans and human nature that one can understand that what act is morally correct and will actually bring about the maximum happiness for the maximum number of people. These rules also present that a person should increase his level when thinking about happiness. That is happiness should not be restricted to certain things. A person should search for happiness in everything that surrounds him. These things can range from nature to music to history and art. That is a person should be learned and it is through his knowledge that he will be able to find happiness in all these things. An example of education can be considered here as to how much educated an individual is to know about certain facts about life. Being educated would help an individual to distinguish between the higher and lower pleasures in terms of happiness. He would understand as to which pleasures are attainable and which are not. With appropriate education the individuals are able to experience both the lower and higher forms of pleasure through which they can decide as to what they would prefer. With enough education one can know about different things existing in the world and thus individuals can then decide as to which happiness they really want. (Mills 1867; Steward & Blocker 2005). To make his theory even better understood Mill clearly presented the exceptions that implied to this rule of happiness. He explained that though acts like lying and murder are considered to be wrong under normal circumstances but these acts become acceptable under certain conditions. An example to this can be that when a person has to protect himself from a murderer he has a right to act in self defense. Another example which can be considered is a person can lie when the person has to conceal some information from someone who might misuse it and cause great harm. Mill is quoted as â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain† (Mill 1986 ii). According to the utilitarian position, it is the consequences of an act that matter the most. In this regard, John Stuart Mill who was a

Commodities Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Commodities Marketing - Essay Example Commodity products such as metals, fuel, and agricultural products have a much higher risk in this regard (Damodaran 2008). This is why any manager running an agricultural business should be able to manage these risk in order to help he business to navigate all the seasons in a year without being brought done by the changing prices. Nature of risks for an agriculture business The kind of risk that an agribusiness faces is not just tied to the prices of the commodity it sells. It is also related to the price changes in the farm inputs (Damodaran 2008). If the farm inputs increase in price in a dramatically short time, the business will have to receive this shock and may not be able to sell its products at a price that will return its costs of production and give the business a profit margin. One thing that is most necessary to understand about agriculture products is that they have at least two main characteristic that expose them to the risk of price change. These are as follows; Aff ected by weather and seasons The seasonal nature of agricultural commodities is something that affects the way the products navigate through the market during the calendar year. For instance, during the time when there are too many tomatoes in the market, prices of the tomatoes will go down and this can affect the farmer because the famer (agribusiness man) may not be able to recover their cost of production. ... If the farmer is farming vegetables and fruits, the farmer can use green houses and be able to deliver the goods to the market during the time those particular goods are out of the season and thus be able to have an upper hand in demand and supply equation. There are on the other hand various issues in regard to this. To begin with, not all the agribusiness products can be cushioned from risk in this way. Secondly, even for those products which can be headed in this way, they would still need more hedging because this does not guarantee that the markets will be stable. This therefore means that the farmer may still need to hedge their business farther using more formidable means of risk management tools. Perishable goods Most agricultural goods are perishable and therefore have no long shelf life in which to wait for the products to wait for the price shock to pass. For instance, once vegetables reach their time to be harvested, they have to be harvested as soon as possible, or they will go bad. At the same time, once they are harvested, they have to be moved immediately before they expire. This leaves the farmer at a disadvantage and may make them to be vulnerable to the forces of demand and supply. Substitute products To add to the risk of the perish-ability, most of the agricultural goods have substitute products in the market and agricultural products can be replaced by so many other products. This leaves the consumers with a choice to choose the substitute product with the lowest price tag on it. From the side of the farmer, though this is not ideal because it leaves the farmer in a position where they are not able to negotiate for a better price. This makes

Model analysis of Perfume Extract Terrier and Baby Grenouille Essay Example for Free

Model analysis of Perfume Extract Terrier and Baby Grenouille Essay Paragraphs Synopsis: this extract reveals both the character of Terrier and reveals his response to Grenouille as a baby. Through omniscient narration, we share his feelings and physical responses to the child in his arms. His early rapture quickly turns to revulsion and this analysis will examine the ways that Suskind constructed his characters and our response. 1. The first description of the babe, smallredtwitched sweetly Our first response to the baby is almost protective, he is described as sweet and small and we can visualize a tiny innocent baby held in the arms of a protector, a man of God, a kind man with strong values. He is a normal citizen.who had taken a warm and fragrant wife This insistence upon smell links us to our emotional response throughout the extract. The act of smelling and the use of our senses conveys his response to the baby and the romantic idyllic life he was fantasizing about. 2. Terrier indulges in a fantasy, changing his role from that of a monk to a normal man, a father and protector Terriers character is constructed by what he is thinking and how he responds to the baby. Through the use of third person omniscient point of view, we see his rapturous response to this lost child, this sweet babe, who is so dependent on his protection. For a moment he is swept up into a fantasy of a real life, which in turn reveals to us his inner torment, torn between a demanding God and church rules and the normality and warmth of family life Terrier felt his heart glow with sentimental cosiness. 3. The use of language positions us in the present, as the action takes place. Through the use of baby talk we respond to his actions poohpoohpoohpeedooh.The thought of it made him feel good. Terriers clumsy yet sincere attempts to cuddle the child are revealed through language poohpoohpoohpeedooh.The thought of it made him feel good. We feel for him and his lost chances. At the same time, this glowing description of his feelings is in stark contrast to the end of the extract. It sets us up to expect a loving, positive outcome. The shock of his final response makes us resist the appeal of the so called sweet babe at the end. 4. Then the child awoke. The babe is now called a child. It has lost its innocent appeal, its dependence and cuteness is replaced by a growing sense of unease. It is described in animalistic terms, Its nose awoke firstIt sucked air in and snorted it back out | Our warm response to Terrier and the child changes slowly yet drastically from this point on. The babe is renamed the child and through language it is transformed into an inquisitive demanding animal like creatureIts nose awoke firstIt sucked air in and snorted it back out. The child is no longer a beautiful desirable babe, it is now ugly the childs dull eyes squinted into the void, the nose seemed to fix on a particular target, This makes Terrier feel like he is the intended target and begins to foreshadow his growing discomfort and disillusionment. 5. The description of the child is gross: The eyesoyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a .slimy film Instead of being sweet and red the child is now described as having The eyesoyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a .slimy film. The reader is revolted by the physical description. We can perceive a picture of an ugly, blinded mole like child, who squints, sniffs and targets Terrier. The reader can share in his appalled response as the child awakens and behaves in a rodent like manner. Thereby destroying his fantasy and making his protection unnecessary and indeed threatening his spiritual and psychological well being. 6. The use of language is fairly modern yet set in an 18th C setting. Suskind uses modern expressions and language to create the character of Grenouille. An example of this is poohpoohpoohpeedooh, and the almost scientific description of : The eyesoyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a .slimy film which create an immediacy and a sensory perception of the child. 7. The nose seemed to fix on a particular targethe himselfwas that target. Terriers growing sense of unease foreshadows his rejection of the child as he thinks, The nose seemed to fix on a particular targethe himselfwas that target. This ominous description of Terriers growing panic makes us feel extremely uncomfortable. He appears to be an ignorant man, we are modern readers, yet Suskind has managed through the use of sensory images to make us feel uncomfortable and to empathise with Terrier. 8. Irony as tiny is juxtaposed with fear The description of the childs nose, waking, seeking, targeting is both similar to the unfolding of a carnivorous flower and a predator. Ironically, the juxtaposition of the use of Tiny with fear adds to our growing sense of horror and revulsion. Tiny wings of fleshtiny holes in the childs facecreate an eerie suctionthe child saw him with its nostrils this use of description as the child wakes up, coupled with Terriers imaginative response positions the reader to understand his response and to share his opinion of the seemingly innocent child/monster in his arms. 9. Metaphor carnivore and death As the childs face is compared metaphorically with a carnivorous plant similar to a Venus fly trap, we see how Suskind has objectified Grenouille. He is an it, not a person, an anonymous being, semi human, semi animal. A predator who is seeking to cling to Terrier like an incubus, to devour him. His panic stricken response is a natural response to danger. Through punctuation we can see his fear smelling at him shamelessly, that was it! the use of exclamation marks emphasizes his fear and anger. His changing tone foreshadows his rejection. Through the use of language Terrier creates an image of the child as the Other an alien, threatening to his dogmatic view of normality and romance view of the role that children should play in the world. 10. metaphor death Terrier becomes convinced that the child is going to kill him, Using its nose to devour something wholeIt was establishing his scent! At this stage, I felt that Terrier was exaggerating, yet the repetition of his imaginative response grew on me and I felt a sense of revulsion towards this child also. Grenouille appears to be hunting the man who out of the goodness of his heart saved him. From this moment, our response to him becomes negative, wary, revolted by his physical description regardless of the illogic of it all. 12 Like a rape Terriers response becomes similar to that of a rape, an intensive personal invasion which cannot be avoided, His most tender emotions, his filthiest thoughts lay exposed. He can no longer accept that this is an innocent child. He feels invaded, tainted by corruption and victimized, all by this child. 13. Structure Terrier no longer felt safe, Gone was the homey thought that this be his own flesh and bloodidyll of father and son and fragrant mother. He regarded the babe/child/it as a creature a non human being A threat to his spiritual and physical wellbeing A strange, cold creature lay there on his knees, a hostile animal he would have hurled it like a spider from him. Terriers final rejection of Grenouille was significant on many levels. This may have been the only chance of a normal upbringing or real affection lost. It creates a Gothic like fear of the unknown, the rejection of people who do not fit in or conform. There is a gap between the values of the church dogma and the rights of the individual as this child is not a person, it becomes a monster in the eyes of the monk. The reader is encouraged to support Terriers decision to reject the child, yet with the advantage of a modern upbringing, it seems inhuman to totally abandon an innocent child regardless of how strange they look or behave. At this stage the beginning is juxtaposed with the ending. The idyllic father/son image is destroyed and a spider/rodent like child has emerged from the cocoon of our literary expectations. Conclusion Suskinds text introduces both characters, themes and conflicts. We see the emergence and transformation of Grenouilles character, like a butterfly he is transformed from a baby to a spider. Our response changes from empathy to horror. His eventual fate is set by this earlier abandonment on so many levels.

LaSalle :: essays research papers

La Salle La Salle, Renà ©-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643-1687), French explorer in North America, who navigated the length of the Mississippi River and claimed the Louisiana region for France. La Salle was born on November 22, 1643, in Rouen, France, and educated by the Jesuits. In 1666 he immigrated to Canada, was granted land on the St. Lawrence River, and became a trader. From 1669 to 1670 he explored the region south of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and he later claimed to have discovered the Ohio River in 1671. In the course of his explorations in the wilderness, La Salle became familiar with indigenous languages and traditions. Because of his capabilities, French colonial governor Louis de Buade, comte de Palluau et de Frontenac, appointed him commander of Fort Frontenac, then being built as a trading station. In 1674 La Salle was sent to France as Frontenac's representative to justify the building of the fort. His mission was successful, and he received a patent of nobility. La Salle subsequently conceived a plan for exploring and trading farther west, and in 1677 he again visited France to secure royal approval of his scheme. He returned with Italian explorer Henri de Tonty, who became his associate. In 1679 he set out on a preliminary expedition, and after establishing forts at the mouth of the Saint Joseph River and along the Illinois River, in February 1680, he sent a group to explore the upper Mississippi River. La Salle then returned to Fort Frontenac to procure new supplies and funds. By spring he was able to travel west again, and he and Tonty proceeded with their party of French and indigenous peoples to the Mississippi, which they descended to the Gulf of Mexico in 1682, claiming all the land drained by the river for Louis XIV, king of France, and naming the region Louisiana. La Salle subsequently commenced construction of forts in the new territory. When Frontenac was recalled to France later in 1682, however, La Salle's rivals succeeded in turning the new governor against him. Journeying to France in 1683, La Salle made a successful appeal to the king, who commended him for his discoveries and named him viceroy of North America. In 1684 he sailed from France with a fleet of four ships on an expedition to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi River. When he reached the Gulf of Mexico he was unable to find the Mississippi,

Themes…. monsters are due on maple street

People who persevere are not stubborn. 4. Fear a. Fear Is powerful and can take over your mind. B. Sometimes fear Is a reasonable reaction. Other times, fear can be Irrational. C. We should fear Ignorant people with the power and authority. D. Ignorant people with power and authority can harm others. E. Fear tends to happen when your rights are gone. F. Fear can cause people to limit your rights. G. Sometimes you have to face your fears. 5. Trust/mistrust a. Mistrust can lead to confusion. B. Trust takes courage. Sometimes we can trust the wrong person (people). Ere (The Obsolete Man) 6. Leadership a. Don't always trust your leaders. B. Not all leaders are trustworthy. C. Don't follow bad leaders who take away your natural rights to life, liberty, and property. 7. Worthiness a. People who are worthy of leadership are fair, respectful, trustworthy, do what's best for the common good, and don't always make the popular decision, but they try to make the right decision. 8. Ignorance 9. A bsurdity 10. Confusion 11. Judgment 2.Curiosity 13. Manipulation 14. Truth/lees 15. Misunderstanding 16. Change 18. Blame Have you ever stood on your front porch, looking at a mob of people accusing you of being an alien? Less Goodman, a resident of Maple Street, knows exactly how this feels. In the short story, The Monsters are Due on Maple Street, by Rod Serving there is a strong theme of Summary of story here. Ladled;Jeff;alkyds;asked;saddle;saddle;fjords;Sofas;JDK;Alasdair;aside;fjords;Sofas Thematic statement here. Explanation of statement.

Hey Huhhuhu

ESO210/ESO203A: Introduction to Electrical Engineering Assignment 4 Date of Submission: 20th March, 2013 1. The rotor shown in Fig. 1 has two coils. The rotor is nonmagnetic and and is placed in a uniform magnetic ? eld of magnitude B0 . The coil sides are of radius R and are uniformly spaced around the rotor surface. The ? rst coil carrying a current I1 and second coil carrying a current I2 . Assuming that the rotor is 0. 30 m long, R=0. 13 m, and B0 = 0. 85 T, ? nd the ? directed torque as a function of rotor position ? for (a) I1 =0A and I2 =5A, (b)I1 =5A and I2 =0A, and (c)I1 =8A and I2 =8A.Uniform magnetic field, B 0y r ? ?2 ?1 R ? ? x Figure 1: 2. An inductor has an inductance which is found experimentally to be of the form L= 2L0 1+x/x0 where L0 =30 mH, x0 =0. 87 mm, and x is the displacement of movable element. Its winding resistance is measured and found to equal 110 m?. (a) The displacement x is held constant at 0. 90 mm, and the current is increased from 0 to 6 A. Find the resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor. (b) The current is then held constant at 6 A, and the displacement is increased to 1. 80 mm. Find the corresponding change in magnetic stored energy. . The inductor of Problem 2 is driven by a sinusoidal current source of the form i(t)=I0 sin(? t) Where I0 =5. 5A and ? =100? (50Hz). With the displacement held ? xed atx = x0 , calculate (a)the time- averaged magnetic stored energy (Wf ld ) in the inductor and (b)the time-averaged power dissipated in the winding resistance. 4. The inductance of a phase winding of a three-phase salient-pole motor is measured to be of the form L(? m )=L0 +L2 cos2? m where ? m is the angular position of the rotor. (a) How many poles are on the rotor of this motor? b) Assuming that all other winding currents are zero and that this phase is excited by a constant current I0 , ? nd the torque Tf ld (? ) acting on the rotor. 5. As shown in Fig. 2 , an N -turn electromagnet is to be used to lift a slab of iron of mass M. The surface roughness of the iron is such that when the iron and the electromagnet are in contact, there is minimum air gap of gmin =0. 18 mm in each leg. The electromagnet cross sectional area Ac =32 cm and coil resistance is 2. 8 ?. Calculate the minimum coil voltage which must be used to lift a slab of mass 95 Kg against the force of gravity. Neglect the reluctance of the iron. 8 N turn winding Ac g Iron slab, mass M Figure 2: 6. An inductor is made up of a 525-turn coil on a core of 14-cm2 cross-sectional area and air gap length 0. 16 mm. The coil is connected directly to a 120-V 60-Hz voltage source. Neglect the coil resistance and leakage inductance. Assuming the coil reluctance to be negligible, calculate the time-averaged force acting on the core tending to close the air gap. How would this force vary if the air-gap length were doubled? 7. Fig. 3 shows the general nature of the slot-leakage ? ux produced by current i in a rectangular conductor embedded in a recta ngular slot in iron.Assume that the iron reluctance is negligible and that the slot leakage ? ux goes straight across the slot in the region between the top of the conductor and the top of the slot. (a) Derive an expression for the ? ux density Bs in the region between the top of the conductor and the top of the slot. (b) Derive an expression for the slot-leakage ? s sits crossing the slot above the conductor, in terms of the height x of the slot above the conductor, the slot width s, and the embedded length l perpendicular to the paper. s Iron ?s Bs x Conductor carrying current i Figure 3: 8.The two-winding magnetic circuit of Fig. 4 has a winding on a ? xed yoke and a second winding on a movable element. The movable element is constrained to motion such that the length of both the air gaps remain equal. ?2 ?2 8 Â µ g 0 N2 turn winding A A N1 turn winding 8 Â µ ?1 ?1 Figure 4: (a) Find the self inductance of windings 1 and 2 in terms of the core dimensions and the number of turns . (b) Find the mutual inductance between the two windings. ? (c) Calculate the coenergy Wf ld (i1 ,i2 ). (d) Find the expression for the force acting on the movable element as a function of the winding currents.

Word Choice Reoccur vs. Recur

Word Choice Reoccur vs. Recur Word Choice: Reoccur vs. Recur Many of the homophones we look at on this blog have completely different uses from one another. But â€Å"reoccur† and â€Å"recur† can both mean â€Å"happen again.† So are they interchangeable? Not always! There is a subtle difference between these terms, as we will explain below. Reoccur (Happen Again) â€Å"Reoccur† is a verb that means â€Å"happen again.† In fact, it is literally a combination of the prefix â€Å"re-† (meaning â€Å"again†) and â€Å"occur† (meaning â€Å"happen†). As such, we could say: Symptoms may reoccur if treatment is discontinued. Here, for example, we’re saying that the symptoms may occur again. Frequency does not matter with this term, so we can use â€Å"reoccur† even if something has only happened twice: Patrick’s back problem from last summer reoccurred. In the sentence above, for instance, we’re describing the second occurrence of something. But we’re not saying it happens regularly or frequently. Recur (Happen at Regular Intervals) â€Å"Recur† is another verb that means of â€Å"happen again.† For example: Symptoms may recur if treatment is discontinued. This sense of â€Å"recur† is thus interchangeable with â€Å"reoccur.† However, â€Å"recur† can also mean ‘happens repeatedly or at regular intervals’. For instance: Fear of technological change recurs throughout Dickens’ writing. In this sentence, â€Å"recur† implies that Dickens returns to the theme of technological fear repeatedly in his writing, not simply that he wrote about it a couple of times. So when something happens frequently or regularly, it is better to use â€Å"recur† than â€Å"reoccur.† Summary: Reoccur or Recur? While â€Å"recur† and â€Å"reoccur† are usually close in meaning, they do differ in some cases. Keep the following guideline in mind: To reoccur is to happen more than once, regardless of how often. To recur means to happen repeatedly or at regular intervals. Thus, if something happens repeatedly or regularly (e.g., the sunrise), you can say it â€Å"recurs.† But if something has happened more than once without happening regularly, use â€Å"reoccur† instead. And if you’d like more help your word choice, don’t forget our outstanding proofreading service.

Earth Day Origins

Earth Day Origins Earth Day is celebrated annually by millions of people worldwide, but how did Earth Day begin? When was the first Earth Day? This is a trickier question than you might think. There are actually two official Earth Day celebrations every year, and both got their start in the spring of 1970. The First Widespread Earth Day Celebration The Earth Day most often celebrated in the United States- and in many other countries around the world- first took place on April 22, 1970. It was a nationwide teach-in about the environment, dreamed up by U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson.  A Democrat from Wisconsin, Senator Nelson had been instrumental earlier in introducing conservation in John F. Kennedys presidency.  Gaylord Nelsons Earth Day was modeled on the anti-war teach-in demonstrations that Vietnam war protesters had used successfully to educate people about their issues. On the first Earth Day, more than 20 million people turned out at thousands of colleges, universities and communities all across America for an environmental teach-in day, which sparked a global environmental reawakening. More than half a billion people in 175 countries now celebrate Earth Day on April 22. The April 22 date was chosen for its fit within the American college calendar, before end-of-semester exams but when the weather is likely to be relatively pleasant nationwide. Conspiracy theorists relish the fact that April 22 is also the birthday of Vladimir Lenin, seeing in that choice more than the mere coincidence that it is. A Second Claim to First Earth Day Yet, it may surprise you to learn that April 22, 1970 was not the first Earth Day. A month earlier, San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto had issued the first-ever Earth Day proclamation on March 21, 1970. Mayor Aliotos action was inspired by John McConnell, a San Francisco publisher and peace activist, who a year earlier had attended the 1969 UNESCO Conference on the Environment where he proposed an international holiday focused on environmental stewardship and preservation. McConnell suggested that Earth Day coincide with the March equinox- the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere, March 20 or 21 depending on the year. It is a date filled with all the symbolism associated with spring, including hope and renewal. That is, until one remembers that south of the equator that date signifies the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. About a year later, on February 26, 1971, then-UN Secretary General U Thant supported McConnells proposal for an annual global Earth Day celebration at the March equinox, and issued a proclamation to make it official. Today, the United Nations rallies with Senator Nelsons plan and every year promotes an April 22nd celebration of what they call Mother Earth Day. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Would Tesco Be Successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Would Tesco Be Successful - Essay Example Smith P.R. and Chaffey D. have argued that E-commerce is commonly thought to include e-tailing, online banking and shopping – it involves transactions where buyers buy and shoppers actually shop. Others suggest e-commerce is any transaction such as a support or an online catalogue search (Smith, Chaffey, 2002). Tesco’s history has shown that the dynamic vision of its bosses combined with the creative and innovative approach in strategy and market planning would pay off in spades. Initially, Tesco with its ‘Pile it high and sell it cheap’ motto, was able to strengthen its market position considerably. The aggressive market strategy, based on acquisition, further took the total number of stores to more than 600 in 1960s and thanks to Cohen, the largest supermarket of Europe came into being in 1961 in Leicester. 1970s and 1980s saw the rapid decline of Tesco primarily because of the low quality product. But under the dynamic leadership of Lord MacLaurin, Tesco underwent tremendous change. His business acumen was so sharp that he had realized early that introducing technology and building committed customer base would accelerate the growth of Tesco manifold. He introduced technology in the two main areas of sales and distribution and at the same time, made special efforts to attract the upper class by opening superstores with high end products. MacLaurin made many changes in the basic format of the store by not only introducing a whole lot of new products lines including non food items, clothes, home appliances, electronic goods etc. but stores in new formats like Tesco superstore, Tesco Metro, Tesco Express, Tesco Extra were also opened to meet all segment of the society. Tesco superstores were characterised by huge space and were designed to attract customers of all strata. It was followed by an intensive drive to make committed customers as members through clubcard so that they could offer their customer extra benefits.  

New age religion and the body mind and spirit connection related to Research Paper

New age religion and the body mind and spirit connection related to traditional medicine - Research Paper Example It promotes traditional medicine from different cultures, religions and beliefs found everywhere in the world. It can also be viewed as holistic healing of illnesses and diseases (Puttick 129). According to Puttick (p. 129) New Age religion comprises of new religious movements, groups and individuals. Their main concern is personal development and spirituality. They share core beliefs and values but they do not have governing council nor leader and even a central organisation or church. New Age movement is said to be started in the Garden of Eden, wherein the serpent told Eve to eat the forbidden fruit (Gen 3:4-5). They share their beliefs, experiences and spiritual journeys through published books and articles. Some of the principles and practices they share are Yoga, Near Death Experiences, Astrology, Aura, Black and White Magic, Psychic, Reincarnation, Tai Chi, Taoism, and Tarot Cards among others (Cornell University Website 72.). The beliefs and principles of New Age religion are so vast it covers almost all the areas in human life as well as the environment. Their beliefs and principles are contradictory with each other, however, there is no right, wrong and rules. Pe ople who are involve in this religion practices what they want and believe what principles they want to believe. It has great impact on society, culture, politics, music, business, science and medicine. It is already widespread that people practicing or doing these beliefs and principles without noticing it. Some of the principles, beliefs and teachings of New Age religion involve conceptualization of mind, body and spirit as a whole and promotes wellness to mind, body and spirit as well as the power of mind. One of the principles of the New Age religion believes that the mind body and spirit are interconnected. They treat the three elements into one or what they call wholeness. â€Å"The mind and body are increasingly considered to be single

The disadvantages and advantages for study outside your country Essay

The disadvantages and advantages for study outside your country - Essay Example This paper presents an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad, experiences faced by a majority of students. There are numerous advantages associated with studying abroad. First, since learning takes place in a different environment, one interacts with people of different cultures. This is beneficial since the student is able to understand the cultures and how best to cope with it, which is very essential at workplace. As such, the student will have smooth interaction with his/her fellow workmates in future. Secondly, the student is able to gather experience, as well as practice independence, which prepares them from school life to adulthood. Thirdly, the student may be forced to learn a foreign language, which might be an added advantage in securing different assignments in future. Fourth, while studying abroad, one can work in part-time job, which raises some money meeting personal expenses and might be an opening to a better paying job, in future. There are numerous disadvantages associated with studying abroad. First, the standard of living in these countries is usually high, which makes the students spend high amounts of money in meeting their basic needs. As such, the student has to request more funds from family members as well as undertake part-time jobs. Secondly, cultural shock resulting from different food stuffs, language and custom are evident and may take long before the students adapt; thus, making them home sick. Thirdly, being in a foreign country, there are few individuals who are willing to take care of a foreign individual once s/he is sick. As such, s/he may not avail the best treatment, based on the health care issue. Fourthly, if the study period is long, students might lose their culture and adopt the new one, which might make it challenging for him/her to perform optimally once they get back to their home country. Personally, I do agree that both advantages and

The Innovation Of Fashion Designers Cultural Studies Essay

The Innovation Of Fashion Designers Cultural Studies Essay Vivienne Westwood has been an innovative and provocative fashion designer. She has been influenced primarily by the Punk movement and that is one of the reasons I chose to research her fashion collections. This essay is going to investigate the importance of the relationship between Vivienne Westwood and the Punk movement to the fashion society. Westwood established the background for the punk movement in the United Kingdom which affected a lot the fashion styles and until today many clothes are designed according to the Punk fashion style, for example the skinny jeans. I believe that this investigation will provide an insight on sociocultural facts and events that are memorable for the world of fashion. What attracted me to it was that Westwood who hadnt done any studies on fashion, met Malcolm McLaren and together with their clothes, they were influenced by the British culture so much and they started working at the time when Punk movement was established. This made me think that when one has a gift and wants to become a successful person, eventually he will achieve his goals. Vivienne Westwood has had a successful career for more than 40 years. The essay will focus on the first eight years of her career from 1970 to 1978. During this period the punk movement appeared all over the world. Punk was actually a music genre that developed during this period in the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom. In the United Kingdom, which is the homeland of Westwood, Punk appeared as an alternative political movement, which expressed rebellion, but also appeared as a music scene which brought to the spotlight many punk music groups like the Sex Pistols etc. It also appeared as a fashion style. British adolescents have long created stylish subcultures in order to express all manner of rebellions  [1]  . The punk style is the connection between Vivienne Westwood and Punk. Therefore, the research question formed is; How Vivienne Westwoods collections were affected by the punk movement? The essay will start the biography of Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren and I will refer to the definition and the characteristics of the punk movement in the United Kingdom. I will followins also write about the Sex Pistols and the New York Dolls which are both Punk music groups and wore clothes of Vivienne Westwood. Following I will move into comparing in chronological order collections of Vivienne Westwood with particular punk music groups. The collections I will look into are; Let it Rock 1970, Too fast to live Too young to die, 1972, Sex, 1974 and Seditionaries, 1976. This procedure will lead into the conclusion and my findings on Vivienne Westwoods influences from the Punk movement MAIN BODY Biography The punk movement appeared as a rock music genre which developed in the decade of the 70s in the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom. They created hard-edged music, characterized by short songs, stripped-down instrumentation and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. In Britain, the Punk movement was politically active and their main concern was the economy of the country. Many people were unemployed because the economy in the United Kingdom in the 1970s was in a recession. Early Punks played a role in politics and protest, and they wanted to express themselves as anticapitalists, antihippies, anarchists and fascists. They portrayed themselves as political radicals by drawing on themes of Marxism, fascism etc. Beyond the fact that punk started out as a music-based subculture, there is a debate about its geographic origins, its ideologies, its membership etc. Most published accounts of punk focus on the origins and flourishing of punk subculture from late 1960s to lat e 1970s.  [2]  Punk may have originated in the United States, but punk as a subculture gelled in mid-1970s Britain.  [3]  . Punk appeared also as a fashion style. The basic male uniform consisted of combat boots, leather jacket, torn jeans, shaved head and most girls tried to adopt this male uniform completely. The ways in which the punk girls combined their punkness and their gender is very unique. They combined female items with punk elements. The influence of the Punk style on music groups is remarkable. The Sex Pistols and New York Dolls are English bands which formed in 1975 in London and their manager was McLaren who was born in 1946 and is a performer and former manager of the two groups. Music, fashion, the Punk Movement was something that attracted him when he was in a Fine Arts college. Malcolm was a friend of Vivienne Westwoods brother and thats how they met. Vivienne Westwood was born in Glossop, Derbyshire on 8 April 1941. She is as much of a symbol of England a s the Queen and the black cab.  [4]  She always liked fashion and a quote of her is that Fashion became her baby, she picked it up and never put it down.  [5]  In 1965 she met Malcolm McLaren and a relationship began. Together they established the foundation of the punk movement by opening shops and creating clothes related to rebellion and punk. Westwoods career in fashion was galvanized by her partner, Malcolm.  [6]  Their working relationship lasted from 1970 until 1983, and as is referred to above launched Punk. In 1971 Vivienne thought they should set up a clothes shop, because Malcolm was certainly fascinated by clothes. Thereby, Malcolm found a place at Kings Road which was named Paradise Garage and the couple made an agreement to own part of the shop. Let It Rock was the name of Viviennes first collection and the name of the shop too. Her first collection included pieces of drape jackets, leather ties with plastic sleeves, drainpipe trousers, ruffled shirt, day-glo socks, bootlace tie etc. Her favorite fabric was leather, she used a lot of zippers and slogans in order to decorate her clothes. They were interested in that era and they wanted to approach the Teddy boys who were into rebellion and could things stir up. Vivienne sourced authentic buttons, cloth and linings and informed by research in Teddy Boy clubs, copied and recoloured the look.  [7]  Vivienne began making trousers and more and more people were coming to the shop to try on their day-glo jackets, the special blue and silver trousers etc. At that period of time Vivienne and Malcolm went to a big music concert and were inspired in order to make their own T-shirt, Viva la Rock n Roll. Malcolm described rock n roll as the jungle beat that threatened white civilization.  [8]  It is a fact that in the collection Let It Rock of Vivienne Westwood we dont see a big influence of the punk movement. This can be explained by the fact that at the period of time that Let It Rock was launched, it only the foundations of the punk movement had been established. Despite this fact we can find characteristics of the pun k style in specific clothes of Let It Rock. Let It Rock Collection Figure 2. Sid Vicious, Let It Rock, 1970-1972 Figure 1. Vivienne Westwood, Let It Rock, 1970-1972Punks and members of music groups wore clothes that were ripped because in this way they were expressing rebellion through their style. In Figure 1 we see a T-shirt of Let It Rock which shows the influence of punk. Punk style was characterized by clothes with zippers, with holes, slogans, pins, pockets etc. The T-shirt in Figure 1 is ripped like all the clothes of Punks and it has many zippers and pockets and slogans that Vivienne used a lot. A characteristic example is Sid Vicious (Figure 2) who is wearing a ripped T-shirt of the Westwood Let It Rock collection and skinny jeans.. Moreover the slogans for her T-shirts were often lyrics of Sex Pistols songs. A characteristic example we see in Figure 3, in which Westwood is wearing her T-shirt with a photo of the Queen and the title of the Sex Pistols song God save the Queen on top. Figure 3. Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood, Let It Rock 1970-1972 Figure 4. Destroy T-shirt, Let It Rock 1970-1972Another example of a T-shirt with a slogan is shown in Figure 4, in which Vivienne wants to get the message across that Nazis should not exist. She was against all this racism against the Jewish people etc and she wanted to make something in order to express her disappointment about the Nazis and maybe she thought that she could change something. Thats why she thought to make a T-shirt with the swastika and the work Destroy on top. An example for leather gear is Sid Vicious again (figure 5) who is wearing a leather jacket at a Sex Pistol concert in Notre Dame Hall. Also, Vivienne, who is promoting her style and her clothes by wearing a leather outfit herself. Figure 5. Sid Vicious and Vivienne Westwood, Let It Rock 1970-1972 Although the Let It Rock collection and shop were very successful, Vivienne and Malcolm were searching for something new because the trend of the Teddy Boys had started to elapse. The Teddy Boys werent such rebels after all and because the couple wanted to express rebellion they needed something new. They started experimenting with rockers and a bike boys look and a tougher leather look which was accompanied with punk style. So, in the spring of 1973, they renamed the shop into Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die and Vivienne started a new collection. Malcolm started buying fabrics such as velvet and Lurex and he thought that they should sell second-hand jeans, customized leather, pegged trousers, double-breast Zoot suits with padded shoulders etc. Because some striped and plain black T-shirts were left over from Let It Rock collection, Vivienne decided against throwing these clothing items away and chose to alter them by ripping them, knotting, cutting holes, rolling and stitching sl eeves together. Thereby, Westwood made a series of extraordinary clothes and especially T-shirts collaged with feathers, nipple-revealing zippers, studs, chains, potato prints, hand-stencilled garments and odd objects. She also put glitter on clothes and the whole work turned into something more creative and fun for her. Together with the punk style they also wanted to search for motorbike wear because the couple was interested in rubber, leather and fetishism. This collection of Westwood had the characteristic that, it was a point at which elements of sex imagery, cult fashion and politics met. This characteristic was sometimes a disadvantage because they were sometimes prosecuted under the obscenity of law for exposing to public view an independent exhibition . One characteristic example is that one of their T-shirts showed two naked cowboys which was thought to be unethical, unacceptable and inappropriate by society at large. Vivienne explained, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ my job is to confront the Establishment to try to find out where the freedom lies and what you can do: the most obvious way I did that was through the porn T-shirts  [9]  . Actually she always wanted to express sex somehow. Even when she put zippers on her clothes above all there were all sort of other sexy associations with the zippers  [10]  . All these characteristics like for example the zippers, leather, chains etc made her clothes surreal and somehow controversial. Also some of the clothes were characterized as rough and deliberately confrontational. To Fast To Live To Young To Die Collection In comparison with Let It Rock collection, here in the TFTLTYTD collection the influence of punk plays a bigger role and we can find characteristics of the punk movement in many clothes of Westwood. Figure 6. Venus T-shirt, TFTLTYTD 1972-1974In Figure 6 we can see Simon Barker wearing the famous hand-made Venus T-shirt which had armholes edged with sections of bike tyres and trimmed with horse hair. For this T-shirt Vivienne was inspired from motorbike wear and the punk movement. Generally, she used also many clues in order to express sexuality. Regarding to the punk style as I have referred to above, the clothes have chains, slogans, pins, leather etc.. So, here in this T-shirt we have as elements taken from punk such as lots of pins, chains and of course the slogan Venus. Also we see that Simon Barker is wearing leather trousers and army boots that Punks quite often wore. Figure 7. Vivienne Westwood, TFTLTYTD 1972-1974Moreover, as I referred to above, Vivienne wanted to express sex through her clothes, so most of the times she made and wore clothes with which she wanted to show that she was against all taboos. A characteristic example is in Figure 7, in which we see Vivienne wearing a shirt, a jacket and underwear from the TFTLTYTD collection without wearing jeans, or trousers above etc. By appearing in public like this she wanted to get the message across that she hated Puritanism and that people should not had taboos and prejudices regarding sex and the expression of the human body. The above opinion is also supported by Figure 8 in which we see Malcolm wearing the T-shirt Two Naked Cowboys of the TFTLTYTD collection. This is one of the T-shirts that had the couple prosecuted under the obscenity of law for exposing to public view an independent exhibition  [11]  . Vivienne didnt want to be limited in her designs regarding to ethical implications but sometimes she was obligated to be limited because of the authorities. Figure 8. Two naked cowboys, TFTLTYTD 1972-1974 Figure 9. McLaren and Westwood, TFTLTYTD 1972-1974 In addition, Vivienne herself wore the clothes she designed and by doing so she aimed at promoting the clothes and the punk style also. A characteristic example is Figure 9 in which we see Vivienne with Malcolm in a Photo shout. Vivienne is wearing leather jeans and a blouse with a zipper that could be characterized as conservative. In this photo shooting she wanted to wear something conservative but still in leather so we continue to see the effect of punk on her. She wanted to provoke and show that she is different, that she can be conservative through Punk too. As time passed McLaren set the scene for Punk via the next venture into a field that he knew would provoke still more outrage. He said characteristically in an interview of Elle magazine in November of 1985; It started with an interest in any form of youth revolt, so that it involved Teddy Boys and Rockers. Then we brought the sex element into it.  [12]  So, in 1974 they renamed their shop to SEX written with pink letters again. At that time they started selling bondage gear such as rubber body suits, rubber masks, leather mini skirts, leather underwear, shirts with chains, padlocks, fishnets, fetishistic lace-up boots and they also sold stilettos. At that time their slogan was Rubber wear for the office. The couple wanted to prove that they didnt care about taboos and prejudices and thats why in this collection they marketed clothes related to sadomasochism, fascism, pornography etc. Her clothes continued to shock society if we consider that this collection was selling sex more than the previous ones. Vivienne explains, all the clothes that I wore that people would regard as shocking, I wore them because I just thought I looked like a princess from another planet, I just thought I looked incredible in these clothes.  [13]  . The influence of Punk in SEX is more than in the previous collections because SEX clothes were mostly made of leather, chains etc which are basic elements of punk style. Punk was a cross-fertilization of SEX clothes  [14]  . Some people believe that punk was an eruption in the streets. But what it was infact was a fashion e vent from the start, like the creation of a historical painting based on a revolution; because that is what it actually was, a revolution. Sex Collection A characteristic example of this sexual revolution that Vivienne wanted to express through fashion is the T-shirt Tits in figure 10. It is a T-shirt from SEX and it was worn by both men and women but it was preferred by men because they wanted to shock by expressing the idea of homosexuality; Figure 10. Tits T-shirt, SEX 1974-1976 Figure 10. Tits T-shirt, SEX 1974-1976 Moreover as it was referred to above, punk influenced SEX in such a way Vivienne used their elements and their main fabric, leather in making her clothes. In Figure 11 we observe how punk influenced SEX. In this picture we see Jordan, shop girl of 1974, wearing a leather outfit of SEX. In the foreground it is shown a body suit made of leather belts and in the background we can find rubber clothes hanging on racks. Figure 11. Jordan, SEX 1974-1976 We can find another example of Punk influence on SEX in Figure 12, in which we see Johnny Rotten wearing a black leather bondage suit. This piece of clothing shows the combination of punk and sexuality because leather is the fabric of punks and when we talk about bondage suits we relate them to sadomasochism and generally sex. Figure 12. John Rotten, SEX 1974-1976 Furthermore in Figure 13 it can be detected Vivienne wearing a total black outfit made of rubber and leather. It has some pins on top and Vivienne is also holding some leather straps attached to other leather objects. Malcolm and Vivienne had gone all the way by making a public display of the leather and rubber stuff that fetishists succumbed to in private. Figure 13. Vivienne Westwood, SEX 1974-1976 What SEX was and generally what all Westwood collections were was a complex amalgam of various stylish influences, in which Punk had its roots in the streets of London and the music scenes of New York. As time went by the New York Dolls made their own decadent outfits to which Westwood added elements from the torn clothes of the pin-ups in Let it Rock, chains, zips, rubber wear and bondage garments of SEX. Consequently, in 1977 the shop and the collection changed its name yet again into Seditionaries under the slogan Clothes for heroes. The word Seditionaries was Viviennes concoction and was based on the fact that someone needed to seduce people in order to revolt. This moment was the peak of all this punk madness. In this collection the zips and straps of obscure sexual fetishism were transformed into fashion. Malcolm and Vivienne continued selling SEX T-shirts and fetish gear but everything was much smarter, less underground and less provincially British  [15]  . They made some T-shirts with photos, slogans on top and again they borrowed elements from the Punk movement. Savage wrote that Seditionaries brought the modern look in the 1970s but also Seditionaries clothes unleashed a more violent reaction combined with punk elements than SEX clothes. If the first Punks had thrown up every youth style since the war and then stuck it together with safety pins and panache, Seditionaries avoided retro yet caught the confusion: the look both in the original and the imitations spread thoughout the world  [16]  . This collection included again bondage trousers and clothes with straps and zips. Westwood in this collection used wool, mohair and leather for fabric which were elements of Punk movement. Westwood also made trousers based on military wear but even then she added her own elements based on sado-masochistic and fetishist gear. The Punks at that time had their own army uniform. The clothes were accessorized with pins, razor blades and silver phalluses. They tended to throw together sado-masochistic bondage paraphernalia and clothing associated with the hospital or the mental asylums so that they produced a surreal commentary on the anarchic tendencies of the sartorial display. Again with this collection Vivienne wanted to reveal taboos and mess with the normative class coding. One of the most significant factors of Punk at that moment was that it gave license for women to dress assertively. Vivienne said characteristically that Punk was what made her think of herself as a designer. Actually what Punk was both for her and society was a fashionable expression of a revolution. In fact, fashion itself became a revolution. Seditionaries Collection In Figure 14 we can identify that Vivienne made such shirts like in this Figure which has an image of Karl Marx in the top left hand in order to express revolution. Punks wanted to mess with everything and break the rules and norms. Marx symbolized revolution and was against the system as were the Punks. And this is the reason why her clothes appealed to Punks. Figure 14. Punk shirt, Seditionaries 1977 Figure 15. Blue cotton shirt, Seditionaries 1976-1980In Figure 15 we observe a Seditionaries blue cotton parachute shirt with strap harness, printed with situationist slogans such as Only Anarchists are Pretty. Regarding the Seditionaries clothes, they had borrowed elements from the Punk movement and also elements from the SEX collection. All these straps and slogans were characteristic of the Punk style and the whole parachute thing reminds us of the SEX bondage gear. In the 16th and last Figure we detect a few clothes of the Seditionaries worn by a number of Punks. The woolen sweaters that are shown in the figure and all these parachute jackets have been borrowed from the Punk style. In addition the jackets also have elements from SEX bondage and sado-masochistic gear which exists also in Seditionaries collection. Figure 16. Punk clothes, Seditionaries 1977 Conclusion Manifests are always written after an event. In retrospect, the manifest of the Punk movement allowed a person to express himself, to succeed or even fail in extravagant way. The music, fashion and of course the Punk movement were a huge art festival which was born from the life and the experiences that Malcolm McLaren gained in the school of Arts. He inspired Vivienne to create this vast business in the world of fashion based on the Punk movement. This was the new fashion, the new way of thinking. The couple started from a small shop in Kings Road and step by step they created their own rules for life, their own norms, their own identity. In other words they set the foundation for an alternative society. Of course all these things were based on the Punk movement and primarily on their ideology. Vivienne not only used the elements of the Punk movement but also their ideology. Through her fashion, she wanted to make rebellion and go against mainstream society, just like the Punks. Tha ts why she used symbols related to Punks and rebellion in her clothes like for example Karl Marx, or the swastika with the word Destroy on top etc. Combining irony and the ideology of Punks she wanted to break taboos like the issue of homosexuality or nudity etc. Actually McLaren and Westwoods aim was to create something new, totally fashionable while they were using symbolism to convey their ideas. And that was the point where they needed Punk, as inspiration and influence. Vivienne characteristically says about Punk Im proud to have been part of it. It was heroic at the time  [17]  . But as it is known, fashion is like a circle and the trends change every now and then, so the whole issue with the influence of the Punk movement in Viviennes career stopped at the beginning of the 80s. From the 80s there on, she introduced a startling and highly influential new vocabulary about fashion which was characterized as nostalgia for the future. In spite of this she never forgot her orig ins. Vivienne never created something conservative despite the fact that their future collections dont have elements from the Punk movement. Viviennes career was built on punk. Whenever she gives an interview she refers to the influence that Punk had on her work and life, saying characteristically that Punk and McLaren were the two factors that encouraged her to make fashion and to be who she is now. The punk period helped her develop creatively. Having created the Sex Pistols look he gained more self-confidence and realized her vast creative abilities. Fortunately, Punk helped Westwood expand her abilities, and identify her talent. Westwood was determined to leave her mark on international fashion which she certainly did.

Male and Female Relationships in Generation Y Essay -- Sex Abstinence

Male and Female Relationships in Generation Y Sexual relationships among teenagers today involve not only dating and sexual activity, but also health and lifestyle issues such as sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Today’s teens are more informed and willing to practice safe sex than previous generations. As a whole, trends like body piercing for sexual pleasure all the way to strict abstinence have been adopted by Generation Y youth (Codrington). Where did it all begin? Heterosexual relationships have existed from the beginning of time, when the God of Christianity created Adam and Eve. Since that time relationships among heterosexual partners have continued to evolve. Instead of fathers arranging to give away their daughters to deserving men, people in America today now chose who they want to have relationships with. Dating and the Attractive Partner Sexual relationships usually begin with dating. Dating is the time when two people get to know each other and a time when they start to consider if they can have a long-term relationship. For today’s teens the new trend in dating is dating in groups of four, six, or even ten people (Stapinski). Even with this new trend however, the men are still asking the woman out. According to Leland Elliott and Cynthia Brantley, authors of Sex on Campus, 77 % of college boys still ask for the first date, while a mere 16 % of college woman take charge (49). Also, most college students (76 %) date only one person at a time. What do both men and woman look for in the opposite sex? If a woman were to answer for a man, most would probably list physical attributes such as eyes, smile, butt, and breasts, but the truth is that the number one thing a man l... ...girls in Jeopardy.† Human Ecology Forum Summer 1997:12+. * Pseudonym, to protect privacy 1 â€Å"Founded in 1916, world’s largest and oldest voluntary family planning organization. It is dedicated to the principles that every individual has a fundamental right to decide when or whether to have a child and that every child should be loved.† (www.plannedparenthood.com) 2 The condom concept dates back to 1350 B.C. when ancient Egyptians figured covering the penis might prevent pregnancy†¦Vulcanized rubber made an appearance as condom material in the mid 1800s. ( Sex on Campus 1997). â€Å"The Trojan brand has been a leader in providing videos and teaching guides for use in high school health education classes across the United States.† (Vogel 33). 3 HIV is an abbreviation for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus.† This virus is what causes AIDS ( Sex on Campus 1997).

Philosophy of reading Essay

â€Å"Just simply teaching a child to read is not enough; we must provide them something that is worth reading. Material that will make their imaginations grow – materials that will help them to understand their own lives and push them towards interacting with others who’s lives are completely different than there own† (Paterson). As elementary educators it is our privilege and responsibility to expose young people to knowledge. By making this introduction a fun one, it allows for the child to have a positive attitude about school and learning that they will take with them through out their entire educational career. Many children have a excited and happy attitude about starting school. Every student also feels like they are ready and prepared, no matter what their entry level literacy skills may be. It is common knowledge that not every child will enter the school system with the same levels of literacy. That is why it is up to us, as educators, to teach them how to read by using appropriately developed strategies and individualized instructions. When I was a little girl growing up I was one of a family of sixteen children, so beginning from a very young age once the school days were done we were left with our  older siblings while mom and dad worked hard to earn us a living. My mother would frequently read to me out of story books or simply stories she made up on her own. Since there were so many of us, by the time i was born we had a pretty good assortment of books to choose from. My first memory I have of reading in the classroom setting was in the fourth grade. My teacher was Ms. Bartrum, she was such a lovely woman who was the first to instill in me the joys of reading through accelerated reading programs and book fairs. I was a goal of mine to be the first one to finish one  book and move on to another one on the list, this is a case where a little competition was a healthy thing. Mrs. Bartrum was really good at picking out books that would challenge us but also capture our interests which made reading them a lot less challenging. Cunningham and Allington research has shown that those children who learned to read and write with ease had a lot of different experiences in reading and writing, which allowed them to benefit from the literacy experiences they had in school (Cunningham & Allington). Teaching students to read is not simply picking the right  reading program, and one specific program will not work with for every single student. As a teacher I feel that it is my job to be the spark for the love to read, by using an effective and balanced learning approach. It is of the upmost importance that the curriculum is designed so that it engages the students in the content, while allowing the students to use their own learning styles and accompanying to their developmental needs. The teaching method called â€Å"Best Practice† uses the idea that by using teaching methods and strategies within the classroom will create an individualized environment for learning. I continuously make an effort to use the best practices method in my everyday classroom instruction. Students learn based upon their own individual needs or interests. It is important to help students to gain their own craving for knowledge, it is critical to their academic success. By creating a learning environment that allows the students to feel safe, will in turn make it easier for them to trust you which will make the learning experience much easier. An environment that is encouraging, positive, actively engaging, and allows for social interactions will harbor the best practice learning method. The way that a classroom is arranged can have an effect on the students and how they learn as well. My personal classroom is arranged so that they students’ desks are arranged in a U-shape with my desk in the middle, this allows me to have a view of each student and to be able to get to them easier. My classroom is also full to the gill with reading materials, every which way the students turn they are greeted by books. Our reading corner is focused around our interactive word board, it holds our library with is full of many different forms of reading materials from chart books to decoding books. Also posted throughout the classroom is the alphabet, picture cards, and letter cards with a corresponding word being used in a sentence. Morning messages and charts are placed within easy access for the students so that they can review and practice whenever they want. Also made available within the classroom is environmental prints, these help the students with their writing, studies have shown that they are an effective way of aiding in emergent literacy (Jalongo, 2010). Each day there is an hour set aside to work on reading in small groups. Even though throughout the day several books are  read, this one hour period during the day is when individual reading levels are really focused on within each group. Groups are used during these lessons because studies have shown that students within the early grade levels learn more when a portion of their reading lessons are given in small groups, with regularly tested progress, and ample amount of time to understand the lesson is given (Taylor, 2005). â€Å"Reading is fundamental†, this saying is used to demonstrate the how important reading is to our youth. Having the skills to read and write is not only fundamental in an individual’s success in the academic sense but also in life itself. Reading and writing skills are a continued development throughout a person’s entire lifetime, however they early years, from birth to the age of eight, are the most crucial time frame for developing literacy skills (IRA and NAEYC, 2009). Reading has an undeniable importance because of the basic tools it provides an individual. It is the building block for the nation’s educational system. One must have adequate reading skills to be able to master any other subjects such as math or science, this is why it is the most crucial of all subjects to master. Despite it being such a simple concept, if it weren’t for reading our culture  wouldn’t be as advanced as it is today. By simply saying that â€Å"reading is fundamental† lacks emphasis, because without the ability to read our lives would be extremely different in many ways. References: Reading Rockets. Interview with Katherine Paterson. On-line. Accessed on December 5, 2014 at http:// www. readingrockets. org/books/interviews/paterson Hall, D. P. & Williams, E. (2000). Teachers Guide to Building Blocks: A Developmentally Appropriate, Multilevel Framework for Kindergarten. Greensboro, NC: Carlos-Dellosa Publishing Company Inc. International Reading Association (IRA) & National Association for the Education of  Young Children (NAEYC). (2009). Learning to Read and Write: Developmentally Appropriate Practices for Young Children. NAEYC: Washington, DC. Jalongo, M. R. (2007). Early Childhood Language Arts. (4th Ed). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Taylor, B. , Pearson, P. , Clark, K. , & Walpole, S. (2005). Beating the Odds in Teaching All Children to Read. CIERA Report #2-006. University of Michigan: Ann Arbor.